Constraint one — outside the region
Storm risk in North American oil regions
Storm seasons interrupt production, refining and loading along the US Gulf Coast. The effect on Gulf producers is indirect but real: when that capacity steps back, benchmark prices firm up for everyone, and the region's barrels are priced into a tighter market. Gulf output itself is untouched — the price is not.
Readers should treat this as a temporary weather variable. It does not change the region's production plans, and it usually reverses when the weather clears.